Resumo Antecedentes: A deficiência de adenina fosforibosiltransferase (APRT) tem grandes implicações na sobrevida do enxerto em pacientes transplantados renais. Esta revisão sistemática investigou o padrão diagnóstico, a abordagem de tratamento e os desfechos do transplante renal entre pacientes transplantados renais com deficiência de adenina fosforibosiltransferase. Material e métodos: Os artigos que relatam sobre a enzima APRT e a disfunção do aloenxerto renal foram recuperados do PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, Biblioteca Cochrane e bancos de dados do Google Acadêmico. Utilizou-se a análise descritiva para extrair inferências. Resultados: Foram incluídos participantes que receberam 39 enxertos, a maioria dos quais provenientes de doadores vivos seguidos por doadores falecidos e doadores cadáveres. Foi relatado tempo de sobrevida do enxerto superior a 6 meses em 23 (76,7%) pacientes, enquanto outros 7 (23,3%) pacientes tiveram tempo de sobrevida do enxerto inferior a 6 meses. Apenas 4 (13,3%) pacientes apresentaram deficiência de APRT antes do transplante. Após acompanhamento, um terço dos pacientes, 10 (33,3%) apresentaram função do enxerto estável, 1 paciente teve perda do aloenxerto, 8 (26,6%) pacientes apresentaram função retardada do enxerto, enquanto os 11 (36,6%) pacientes restantes tiveram disfunção crônica do enxerto renal. Conclusões: A deficiência de APRT é uma causa subestimada e reversível de nefropatia cristalina que leva à disfunção do aloenxerto renal ou à perda total do aloenxerto. Os resultados deste estudo pedem a inclusão desta condição no diagnóstico diferencial de nefropatia cristalina, mesmo na ausência de um histórico de nefrolitíase.

Abstract Background: Adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) deficiency has great implications on graft survival in kidney transplant patients. This systematic review investigated the diagnostic pattern, treatment approach, and kidney transplant outcomes among kidney transplant patients with adenine phosphoribosyl transferase deficiency. Material and methods: Articles reporting the APRT enzyme deficiency and kidney allograft dysfunction were retrieved from PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, Cochrane library and Google scholar databases. Descriptive analysis was used to draw inferences. Results: The results from 20 selected studies covering 30 patients receiving 39 grafts had an average age of 46.37 years are presented. Graft survival time of more than 6 months was reported in 23 (76.7%) patients, while other 7 (23.3%) patients had graft survival time of less than 6 months. Only 4 (13.3%) patients had APRT deficiency before transplantation. After follow-up, one-third of the patients 10 (33.3%) had stable graft function, 1 patient had allograft loss, 8 (26.6%) patients had delayed graft function while the remaining 11 (36.6%) patients had chronic kidney graft dysfunction. Conclusions: APRT deficiency is an under-recognized, treatable condition that causes reversible crystalline nephropathy, leading to loss of allograft or allograft dysfunction. The study results showed that inclusion of genetic determination of APRT deficiency in the differential diagnosis of crystalline nephropathy, even in the absence of a history of nephrolithiasis, can improve renal outcomes and may improve allograft survival.

Background: In view of the multiple co-morbidities, the elderly patients receiving drugs are prone to suffer with drug interactions since they receive a greater number of drugs. Objective: The study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of drug interactions, as well as their predictors. Method: The prescriptions of a total of 1510 inpatients were collected prospectively for 1.5 years from inpatients wards of public tertiary care teaching hospital. All the prescriptions were checked for drug interactions using the Micromedex® Drug-Reax database-2010 and Stockley´s Drug Interactions. Regression analyses sought to determine predictors for the drug interaction. Results: The patients, with the average age of 67.2 ±0.2 years, were prescribed an average of 9.15 ±0.03 medications. It was found that out of 1510 prescriptions of inpatients, 126 (8.3%) prescriptions had one or more than one drug interaction. All the identified interactions were severe in nature. The top most interacting drugs were acetylsalicylic acid and anticoagulant (n=59). The second top most interacting drug combination was clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors (n=51). The most commonly involved drugs in interactions were C (cardiovascular system) and A (alimentary tract and metabolism). Using multivariate binary logistic regression, multiple drugs (Odds Ratio=4.5; 95% Confidence Interval: - 2.38 -9.47) and multiple diagnoses (Odds Ratio=2.6; 95%CI: -1.40 -5.57) were found to be significant predictors for drug interaction. Conclusion: The results of this study substantiate the occurrence of severe drug interactions among Indian elderly inpatients. In order to provide safer pharmaceutical care, the active involvement of clinical pharmacists is a potential option.

Antecedentes: en función de las múltiples comorbilidades, los pacientes ancianos que reciben varios medicamentos son susceptibles de sufrir interacciones medicamentosas ya que reciben gran cantidad de medicamentos. Objetivo: El estudio se realizó para determinar la prevalencia de interacciones medicamentosas, así como sus predictores. Métodos: Se recogió prospectivamente la medicación total de 1510 pacientes hospitalizados de los servicios de internamiento de un hospital terciario universitario. Se revisaron todas las interacciones de los participantes usando Micromedex® Drug-Reax database-2010 y el Stockley´s Drug Interactions. Los análisis de regresión trataron de determinar los predictores de la interacción medicamentosa. Resultados: Los pacientes, con una media de 67,2 ±0.2 años, tenían prescritos de media 9.15 ±0.03 medicamentos. De las 1510 prescripciones de pacientes hospitalizados, 126 (8,3%) tenía una o más interacciones. Todas las interacciones identificadas eran de naturaleza grave. Los medicamentos más interactuante era el ácido acetilsalicílico y los anticoagulantes (n=59). La segunda combinación interactuante más frecuente era clopidogrel y los inhibidores de la bomba de protones (n=51). Los medicamentos más frecuentemente involucrados en interacciones eran del grupo C (aparato cardiovascular) y A (tracto alimentario y metabolismo). Usando la regresión logística binaria, se encontró que "varios medicamentos" (Odds Ratio=4.5; Intervalo de Confianza 95%:-2.38 -9.47) y "varios diagnósticos" (Odds Ratio=2.6; 95%CI: -1.40 -5.57) eran predictores significativos de las interacciones medicamentosas. Conclusión: Los resultados de este estudio demuestran la aparición de interacciones medicamentosas graves entre los pacientes indios hospitalizados. Para proporcionar una atención farmacéutica más segura, el empleo de farmacéuticos clínicos es una opción posible.

Background: To prevent medication errors in prescribing, one needs to know their types and relative occurrence. Such errors are a great cause of concern as they have the potential to cause patient harm. The aim of this study was to determine the nature and types of medication prescribing errors in an Indian setting. Methods: The medication errors were analyzed in a prospective observational study conducted in 3 medical wards of a public teaching hospital in India. The medication errors were analyzed by means of Micromedex Drug-Reax database. Results: Out of 312 patients, only 304 were included in the study. Of the 304 cases, 103 (34%) cases had at least one error. The total number of errors found was 157. The drug-drug interactions were the most frequently (68.2%) occurring type of error, which was followed by incorrect dosing interval (12%) and dosing errors (9.5%). The medication classes involved most were antimicrobial agents (29.4%), cardiovascular agents (15.4%), GI agents (8.6%) and CNS agents (8.2%). The moderate errors contributed maximum (61.8%) to the total errors when compared to the major (25.5%) and minor (12.7%) errors. The results showed that the number of errors increases with age and number of medicines prescribed. Conclusion: The results point to the establishment of medication error reporting at each hospital and to share the data with other hospitals. The role of clinical pharmacist in this situation appears to be a strong intervention; and the clinical pharmacist, initially, could confine to identification of the medication errors.

Antecedentes: Para prevenir errores de prescripción, se necesita conocer sus tipos y la aparición relativa. Esos errores causan gran preocupación porque son causa posible de daño al paciente. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la naturaleza y tipos de errores de prescripción de medicación en un centro de India. Métodos: Se analizaron los errores de medicación en un estudio observacional prospectivo realizado en 3 servicios médicos de un hospital universitario en India. Se analizaron los errores de medicación mediante la base de datos Micromedex Drug-Reax. Resultados: De los 312 pacientes, solo 304 se incluyeron en el estudio. Del os 304 casos, 103 casos (34%) tenían al menos un error. El número total de errores encontrado fue de 157. Las interacciones medicamentosas fueron el tipo más frecuente (68,2%), seguido del inervalo de dosificación incorrecto (12%) y los errores de dosis (9,5%). Los grupos de medicamentos más involucrados eran los antimicrobianos (29,4%), agentes cardiovasculares (15,4%), agentes gastrointestinales (8,6%) y agentes del sistema nervioso central (82%).Lo errores moderados fueron los que más contribuyeron (61,8%), comparados con los mayores (25,5%) y los menores (12,7%). Los resultados mostraron que el número de errores se incrementa con la edad ye l número de medicamentos. Conclusión: Los resultados recomiendan el establecimiento de un sistema de comunicación de errores en cada hospital y compartir los datos con otros hospitales. El papel del farmacéutico clínico en esta situación parece suponer una importante intervención; e inicialmente podrá limitarse a la identificación de errores de medicación.